Information for Jss 3 students

You are expected to come to school on Monday, 10th November 2014, with your complete mathematical set  and drawing paper



.

  1.    Calculate the product of 3/9 and the reciprocal of 9

22.     Find the value of 6 2/3 divided by 1 7/9

33.    What is  three -quarters of 3 3/7

54.    In a school, 9/10  of the students play sports, 2/3 of these play football. What fraction of the students play football?

65.    Three sisters share some money. The oldest gets 9/11 of the money. The next girl gets 7/12 of the remainder. What fraction of the money does the youngest girl get?

Happy weekend friends.

Basic technology assignments for JSS 1

1. List five safety rules which must be applied in a basic technology workshop.

2. How can we prevent accidents in a workshop?

3. List three unsafe conditions which cause accidents in a workshop.

4. Discuss why long hair should be properly packed and covered and long sleeve shirts rolled up to elbow level before going into the workshop.

5. Name four types of fire fighting materials and equipments you know.








 happy weekend friends.

Basic science assignments for JSS 3.

1. Define soil erosion.
2. Describe two methods of controlling erosion
3.  Explain how soil erosion can be prevented
4. Describe two common types of drainage pattern.
5. Describe one way in which flooding is beneficial.
6. Mention the harmful effects of flooding .

Basic technology assignments for JSS 3

1. describe how various steels are produced from ore
2. define alloys
3. give three examples of alloy
4. give three uses of an alloy
5. give two properties of brass
6.describe how you will prepare fresh clay for use in moulding materials.
7.describe the injection moulding process of making plastics.
8. state what  you will add to rubber to make it suitable to be processed into different forms.
9. identify one difference between plastics and rubber

Assignments for JSS 3 students (mathematics)

All Jss 3 students are expected to carefully solve the listed out exercises in their new general mathematics text book.
1. exercise 3d (35 - 40)
2. exercise 3e (13 - 18)
3. exercise 3f (7 - 10)
4. exercise 3g (7 - 10)
5. exercise 3h (40 - 45)



happy weekend

Circle time discussions on fire fighting.





Firefighting is the act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to prevent loss of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment. Firefighters may provide many other valuable services to the community they serve, such as emergency medical services. Firefighting is a highly technical skill that requires professionals who have spent years training in both general firefighting techniques and specialized areas of expertise. Some of the specialized area of fire and rescue operations include Aircraft/airport rescue; Wild land fire suppression; and Search and rescue
One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials. The four major hazards associated with these situations are

1)      smoke

2)      The oxygen deficient atmosphere

3)       elevated temperatures and

4)       Toxic atmospheres.

 Additional risks of fire include falls and structural collapse. To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing apparatus. (SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure compressed air system) to prevent smoke inhalation. These are not oxygen tanks; they carry compressed air. SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air, depending upon the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities.

Obvious risks are associated with the immense heat. Even without direct contact with the flames (direct flame impingement), conductive heat can create serious burns from a great distance. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks: burn from radiated heat, contact with a hot object, hot gases (e.g., air), steam and hot and/or toxic smoke. Firefighters are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes fire-resistant clothing and helmets that limit the transmission of heat towards the body. No PPE, however, can completely protect the user from the effects of all fire conditions.

Heat can make flammable liquid tanks violently explode, producing what is called a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion). Some chemical products can also explode. Explosions can cause physical trauma or potentially serious injuries.

Heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, causing potentially severe medical problems. Depending upon the heat of the fire, burns can occur in a fraction of a second.

Additional risks of fire include the following:

• smoke can obscure vision, potentially causing a fall, disorientation, or becoming trapped in the fire;
• structural collapse.

Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters, according to a new study by Bo Fernhall, a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparently found in weightlifters and endurance athletes...

Classes of fire

Name of Class	Type of Fire	Fuel Involved
Class A Fires	Freely Burning Materials	Wood, Paper, Straw, Textiles, Coal etc.
Class B Fires	Flammable Liquids	Petrol, Diesel, Oils, Paraffin etc
Class C Fires	Flammable Gases	Methane, Propane, Hydrogen, Natural Gas etc.
Class D Fires	Flammable Metals	Magnesium, Aluminum, Lithium etc
Class F Fires	Combustible Cooking Media	Cooking Oil, Fats, Grease
Electrical fire	Electrical Appliances	Computers, Stereos, Fuse boxes

Science of extinguishment

The first step of a firefighting operation is a reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and identification of the specific risks and any possible casualties.

Fire elements There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame. These elements are classified in the “fire tetrahedron” and are:

1. Reducing agent (fuel)
2. Heat
3. Oxidizing agent (oxygen)
4. Chemical Reaction

The reducing agent, or fuel, is the substance or material that is being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The self-sustained chemical chain reaction is a complex reaction that requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that when the proper conditions exist will release gases, including oxygen. This is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.

A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components of the tetrahedron. One method to extinguish a fire is to use water. The first way that water extinguishes a fire is by cooling, which removes heat from the fire. This is possible through water’s ability to absorb massive amounts of heat by converting water to water vapor. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel to sustain the fire. The second way water extinguishes a fire is by smothering the fire. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air with water vapor, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.

Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire. Another way to accomplish this is to allow the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which point the fire will self-extinguish.

One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished through dry chemical and halogenated agents. These agents interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuels because they must flame to burn.

HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Simple acronym P.A.S.S. to help you use the fire extinguisher effectively. P.A.S.S. stands for: Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep, explained below the printable diagram.

• Pull the safety pin from the handle. The pin is located at the top of the fire extinguisher. Once removed, it releases the locking mechanism, allowing you to discharge the extinguisher.
• Aim the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. As explained, this removes the source or fuel of the fire. Keep yourself low.
• Squeeze the handle or lever slowly to discharge the agent. Letting go of the handle will stop the discharge, so keep it held down.
• Sweep side to side approximately 6in or 15cm over the fire until expended. The sweeping motion helps to extinguish the fire. Stand several feet or metres back from the fire: fire extinguishers are manufactured for use from a distance.
• The fire may flare up somewhat as extinguishing begins due to the flames being pushed away from the burning material (the real target) by the agent and gust of propellant. Do not be alarmed so long as it dies back promptly.

basic technology home work 24/10/14

Jss one
1. what  do you understand by the word "technology"?
2.discuss the high and low levels of technology
3.list and explain the high and low levels of technology
4.list and explain 6 benefits of technology to man
5.what are the positive and negative effects of technology on the health care system in Nigeria

 Jss three
discuss metals highlighting;
*its production process
*its extraction process
*its uses

note; scout the web for more information.
All assignments should be submitted on Monday morning.

 happy weekend
.

A brief explanation of timber.

Timber is simply a hard, fibrous tissue found in the stems and root of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.

The entire timber refining process can be summarized into four parts as seen in the chart below

Hard and soft woods

There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.
It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.

Uses

Fuel

Main article: Wood fuel

Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth. Nowadays, wood and pellets have become one of the most important heating fuels for homes in USA, with an increase of approx. 34% over the last decade.^[18]

The churches of Kizhi, Russia are among a handful of World Heritage Sites built entirely of wood, without metal joints. See Kizhi Pogost for more details.

The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.^[19]

Construction

Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).
Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.
New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.
In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.
Wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the mould into which concrete is poured during reinforced concrete construction.

Engineered wood

Main article: Engineered wood

Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a wood flooring.

Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.^[20]
These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists.^[20] Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991.^[2] The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.
Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring, for example laminate flooring.

Furniture and utensils

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. Also for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Next generation wood products

Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites.^[21] As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.^[22]

In the arts

Stringed instrument bows are often made from pernambuco or brazilwood.

Main article: Wood as a medium

Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower,^[23] now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.
It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving.
Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies) (traditionally used for the soundboards of violins). The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.
Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.

Sports and recreational equipment

Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. In softball, however, bats are more commonly made of aluminium (this is especially true for fastpitch softball). NBA courts have been traditionally made out of hardwood,Main article: Parquetry#Use in the NBA.
Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, fiberglass, carbon fiber, titanium, and composite materials. One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood, the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf, but is now generally made of synthetic materials.

Medicine

In January 2010 Italian scientists announced that wood could be harnessed to become a bone substitute. It is likely to take at least five years until this technique will be applied for humans.